THE CAUSES OF HUMAN SMUGGLING(INDONESIA-MALAYSIA) AND THE POLICIES TAKEN BY THE INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT TO OVERCOME IT
Keywords:
Human Smuggling, Political Policy, Law Enforcement, Migrant Workers
Abstract
This research aims to analyze the causes of Human Smuggling experienced by Indonesian workers in Malaysia. The basic point of this research is the assumption that Indonesia, as a country that quantitatively contributes a very large number of labor exports (TKI) to other countries, at the same time on the "Tier 2 watch list", means there is a significant increase in human smuggling cases in Indonesia. The Human Smuggling cases that are of concern in this research are those that occur between Indonesia and Malaysia. The method used in this research is qualitative exploration, and the data collection used in this research is from journals, books, scientific reports, and others related to the research topic. The results consist of two things; first, human smuggling between Indonesia and Malaysia occurs due to the lack of education by migrant workers, which in turn affects the workers' mentality. In this aspect, the economic condition of workers is also an important cause of human smuggling. Second, legal politics in the aspect of migrant worker friendliness has not been maximized.
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References
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Mulya, N. (2023). Analisis tentang One Channel System ( OCS ) Perjanjian Indonesia-Malaysia untuk Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia Analisis tentang One Channel System ( OCS ) Perjanjian Indonesia-Malaysia untuk Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia Nabilla Mulya Amalia *. Sosial dan Politik, 1(1).
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Puspadewi, S. (2019). Human Trafficking in Southeast Asia: Challenges and Prospects. In Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery: International Issues and (In A. Sing). Routledge.
Rahman, A., & Muttaqin, A. (2020). Poverty and Human Trafficking: An Exploratory Study of Victims from Indonesia. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 9(2). https://doi.org/doi: 10.6000/1929-4409.2020.09.07
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S, E. B., & Wancik, W. (2020). Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Korban Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang Dalam Perspektif Sistem Peradilan Pidana Indonesia dan Malaysia. Wajah Hukum, 4(2), 261. https://doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v4i2.246
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Allain, J. (2017). Genealogies of Human Trafficking and Slavery. In Routledge Handbook of Human Trafficking (1st Editio, hal. 1–23). https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315709352-1/genealogies-human-trafficking-slavery-jean-allain
ASEAN. (2017). The ASEAN Declaration Against Trafficking in Persons, Particularly Women and Children. asean.org.
Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. (2023). Profil kemiskinan di indonesia september 2022. https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2023/01/16/2015/persentase-penduduk-miskin-september-2022-naik-menjadi-9-57-persen.html
BAR. (2016). Human Trafficking and Public Corruption.
Bales, K. (2007). What Predicts Human Trafficking? International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 31(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2007.9678771
Batubara, A., & Kumalasari, L. (2020). he Policy and Law of International Labor Migration in Indonesia: Protection and Empowerment of Indonesian Migrant Workers. nternational Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, 34(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/lawfam/eby010
BPNP2TKI, P. P. dan I. (2020). Data penempatan dan Perlindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia (PMI) Tahun 2019. https://bp2mi.go.id/uploads/statistik/images/data_19-02-2020_Laporan_Pengolahan_Data_BNP2TKI____2019(2).pdf
Brown, A. C., & Barron, C. E. (2018). Human trafficking. Pediatrics in Review, 39(2), 102–103. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.2016-0181
Darmayani, A. (2021). A Fluid Border? Indonesia-Malaysia Labor Migration and Human Trafficking. In Internasional Institute of Social Studies (Nomor December, hal. 4–8). Internasional Institute of Social Studies. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Azrina-Darmayani-2/publication/366407847_A_Fluid_Border_Indonesia-Malaysia_Labor_Migration_and_Human_Trafficking_from_Human_Security_Perspectives/links/63a061ca40358f78eb0167a8/A-Fluid-Border-Indonesia-Malaysia-Labor
Chung, R. (2015). Information Disclosure and Human Trafficking: Evidence from a Field Experiment. Journal of Development Economics, 1(15). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.12.001
Creswell, & W, J. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design. Sage Pulications. http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/CRESWELLQualitative-Inquary-and-Research-Design-Creswell.pdf
Feingold, D. A. (2005). Human Trafficking. Foreign Policy, 150. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30048506
GSI. (2021). Global Slavery Index Indonesia. Global Slavery Index. https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2021/country/indonesia/
Hossain, M., & Zimmerman, C. (2010). Abused and Detained: Obstacles to Justice for Female Trafficking Victims in Malaysia. Gender and Development, 18(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2010.522028
IOM, I. O. for M. (2015). World Migration Report 2015: Migrants and Cities: New Partnerships to Manage Mobility.
Jahic, G., & Finckenauer, J. O. (2005). Representations and misrepresentations of human trafficking. Trends in Organized Crime, 8. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12117-005-1035-7#citeas
Julyati, C. (2023). Fenomena human trafficking pada perempuan yang dilacurkan di ruang SPA di wilayah Jabodetabek. Jurnal Ilmiah Mimbar Demokrasi, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.21009/jimd.v22i2.33969
Kaur, A., & Ganesan, Y. (2018). Media Framing of Human Trafficking in Malaysia: Implications for Public Opinion and Policy Change. Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies, 7(1).
Kemenlu. (2018). Perjanjian antara Pemerintah Republik Indonesia dan Pemerintah Malaysia tentang Penanganan Pekerja Migran. Kementrian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia. http://www.kemlu.go.id/id/berita/Pages/penandatanganan-perjanjian-antara-pemerintah-republik-indonesia-dan-pemerintah-malaysia-tentang-penanganan-pekerja-migran.aspx
Laczko, F., & Gramegna, M. a. (2003). Developing Better Indicators of Human Trafficking. Brown Journal of World Affairs, X(1), 179–194. http://www.watsoninstitute.org/bjwa/archive/10.1/SexTrafficking/Laczko.pdf
Lumbanrau, R. E. (2023, Maret 2). Mafia perdagangan pekerja migran NTT: Mengungkap modus “rayuan surgawi” hingga jalur “kejahatan mengerikan.” bbc.com.
MEDIANA. (2023, Februari 3). Penempatan Pekerja di Sektor Informal Masih Relatif Besar. Kompas.id. https://www.kompas.id/baca/ekonomi/2023/02/02/penempatan-pekerja-di-sektor-informal-masih-relatif-besar
Michael Quinn Patton. (1990). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (3rd ed.) (Nomor 2). Sage Pulications. https://doi.org/10.1177/1035719X0300300213
Miswanto, & Arfa, D. (2016). PERDAGANGAN DAN PENYELUNDUPAN PEKERJA MIGRAN INDONESIA DI MALAYSIA. JURNAL ANTROPOLOGI: Isu-Isu Sosial Budaya, 18(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.24903/fpb.v6i1.1256
Monique, P., & Amalia Puspamawarni, V. (2020). Buruh Migran dan Human Trafficking: Studi Tentang Peningkatan Perdagangan Manusia dari Indonesia ke Malaysia. Transformasi Global, 7(1), 67–94. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtg.2020.007.01.4
Mustapha, H. N., & Hasan, A. (2018). Human Trafficking: Law and Practice in Malaysia. Journal of International Studies, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2018/11-1/3
Mulya, N. (2023). Analisis tentang One Channel System ( OCS ) Perjanjian Indonesia-Malaysia untuk Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia Analisis tentang One Channel System ( OCS ) Perjanjian Indonesia-Malaysia untuk Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia Nabilla Mulya Amalia *. Sosial dan Politik, 1(1).
Nations, U. (2000). Annex II: The definition of trafficking in persons and the mandate for the Global Report Trafficking in persons: universally defined in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol. unoduc.org. https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/Annex_II_-_Definition_and_mandate.pdf
Nurdin, E., & Lumbanrau, R. E. (2023, Maret 3). PRT Indonesia di Malaysia - Ratusan kasus penganiayaan, puluhan ribu permintaan di balik bisnis besar. bbc.com. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-64769844
Nuryakin, C., & Ananta, A. (2019). Poverty in Indonesia: Causes, Characteristics, and Policy Options. Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 36(2).
Puspadewi, S. (2019). Human Trafficking in Southeast Asia: Challenges and Prospects. In Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery: International Issues and (In A. Sing). Routledge.
Rahman, A., & Muttaqin, A. (2020). Poverty and Human Trafficking: An Exploratory Study of Victims from Indonesia. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 9(2). https://doi.org/doi: 10.6000/1929-4409.2020.09.07
Report, T. in P. (2022). TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS REPORT JULY 2022.
S, E. B., & Wancik, W. (2020). Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Korban Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang Dalam Perspektif Sistem Peradilan Pidana Indonesia dan Malaysia. Wajah Hukum, 4(2), 261. https://doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v4i2.246
Rizaty, M. A. (2023). Ada 330 Kasus Tindak Pidana di Perbatasan hingga Juni 2023No Title. DataIndonesia.id. https://dataindonesia.id/varia/detail/ada-330-kasus-tindak-pidana-di-perbatasan-hingga-juni-2023
Sahputra, Y. E. (2023, April 7). 4,4 Juta Pekerja Migran Indonesia Disalurkan Mafia Perdagangan Orang ke Luar Neger. Tempo.co. https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1712484/44-juta-pekerja-migran-indonesia-disalurkan-mafia-perdagangan-orang-ke-luar-negeri
Sri Wiyanti Eddyono, & Et.all. (2020). Profil Perdagangan Orang di Daerah Perbatasan Kalimantan: Studi Pada Kabupaten Sanggau, Sambas, Kapuas Hulu dan Nunukan. https://indonesia.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1491/files/documents/Profil%2520Perdangan%2520Orang%2520di%2520Daerah%2520Perbatasan%2520Kalimantan.pdf
UNODC. (2018). Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2018.
UNODC. (2022). Global Report Trafficking In Persons 2022. NuOber of victiOU of trafficking for UeZual eZploitation detected per%0A100,000 population, East Asia and the Pacific, 2012 to 2020
WIYOGA, P. (2023, Februari 13). Warga Negara Malaysia Terlibat Penyelundupan Pekerja Migran di Batam. Kompas.id. https://www.kompas.id/baca/nusantara/2023/02/13/warga-negara-malaysia-terlibat-penyelundupan-pekerja-migran-di-batam
Published
2024-05-30
How to Cite
Liu, T. Z. (2024). THE CAUSES OF HUMAN SMUGGLING(INDONESIA-MALAYSIA) AND THE POLICIES TAKEN BY THE INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT TO OVERCOME IT. Journal of Social Political Sciences, 5(2), 123-149. https://doi.org/10.52166/jsps.v5i2.230
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Copyright (c) 2024 Tiara Zulyansari Liu
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