INDONESIA’S DIPLOMACY MANAGEMENT IN DEFENDING PAPUA AS PART OF NKRI
Keywords:
Papua, NKRI, Diplomacy Management
Abstract
The Papua conflict, marked by separatist claims and allegations of human rights violations, has positioned Indonesia under sustained international scrutiny. This study examines the diplomatic strategies employed by the Indonesian government to defend its sovereignty over Papua from 2020 to 2024, focusing on responses to global pressures and domestic legitimacy challenges. Grounded in neorealism and state sovereignty frameworks, the research adopts a qualitative descriptive approach to analyze Indonesia’s multi-level diplomacy involving state and non-state actors. Findings reveal a dual-track strategy: Government-to-Government (G2G) efforts prioritize bilateral engagements with influential states to counter separatist narratives, while People-to-People (P2P) initiatives focus on fostering Papuan trust in Indonesian nationalism through dialogue and grassroots empowerment. Key tactics include leveraging ASEAN partnerships to mitigate external criticism and deploying cultural diplomacy to reinforce national unity. However, challenges persist, such as balancing human rights accountability with sovereignty defense and addressing digital misinformation campaigns. This study underscores the necessity of integrating soft power and institutional legitimacy to fortify Indonesia’s diplomatic posture. Recommendations include enhancing multilateral collaboration, institutionalizing P2P programs, and adopting data-driven communication strategies to preempt disinformation. The findings offer actionable insights for policymakers to harmonize sovereignty preservation with inclusive governance in conflict-sensitive regions.
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References
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Smith, L. A. (2000). Indonesia's Foreign Policy under Abdurrahman Wahid: Radical Status Quo State? Contemporary Southeast Asia, 22(3).
Sorensen, R. J. (2005). Pengantar Hubungan Internasional.
Sudana, K. A. (2024). External Setting di Kawasan Pasifik Selatan sebagai Tantangan Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia Era Pemerintahan Joko Widodo (2014-2023). Journal of Government Science (GovSci) : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintah, 5(1), 1 - 12.
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Temaluru, T. B. (2017). Kepentingan Vanuatu dalam Usaha Pemerdekaan Papua. Surabaya: Departemen Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Airlangga.
Viartasiwi, N. (2018). The Politics of History in West Papua – Indonesia Conflict. Asian Journal of Political Science.
Waltz, K. (2010). Theory of International Politics. Waveland Press.
Wetipo, J. H. (2016, Agustus 18). ULMWP, Meniti Jalan Keselamatan di Pasifik. Retrieved from Honai Center For Humanism and Peace: http://honaicenter.org/2016/08/ulmwp-meniti-jalan-keselamatan-di-pasifik/
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Witkopt, C. W. (2001). World Politics Trend and Transformation.
Barston, R. P. (2013). Modern Diplomacy. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis.
Baylis, J. (2002). Strategy In The Contemporary World: An Introdution to Strategy Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bekarekar, W. W. (2017). Alasan Indonesia Dalam Melakuan Hubungan Kerjasama Dengan Melanesian Sprearhead Group (MSG). Tesis. Yogyakarta: Magister Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. Retrieved from http://repository.umy.ac.id/bitstream/handle/1
Bledsoe, R. L., & Boczek, B. A. (1987). The International Law Dictionary. Oxford: Clio Press.
BPS. (2024). Papua Barat dalam Angka. Papua Barat: Badan Pengelola Statistik.
BPS. (2024). Papua dalam Angka. Papua: Badan Pengelola Statistik.
Buzan, B. (1983). People, States and Fear. Brighton: Wheafsheaf Books.
Cooper, R. (2003). The Breaking of Nations: Order and Chaos in the Twenty-First Century. London: Atlantic Books.
Coulumbis, T., & Wolfe, J. H. (1999). Pengantar Hubungan Internasional : Power and Justice. Bandung: Putra Bardin.
Crocomber, G. (2007). Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West. Fiji. Fiji: The University of the South Pacific.
Elisabeth, A. (2006). Dimensi Internasional Kasus Papua. Jurnal Penelitian Politik, 3(1).
Finaka, A. W., Oktari, R., & Devina, C. (2023). Papua, Pulau Terluas di Indonesia. Retrieved from Indonesia Baik: https://indonesiabaik.id/infografis/papua-pulau-terluas-di-indonesia
Fujikawa, K. (. (2017). Drifting between Accommodation and Repression: Explaining Indonesia’s Policies towards its Separatists. The Pacific Review, 30(5).
Geuss, R. (2002). Liberalism and its Discontents. Political Theory, 30(3).
Gietzelt, D. (1989). The Indonesianization of West Papua. Oceania, 59(3).
Hartono, R. (2023, Januari 15). Sejarah OPM: Bermula dari Upaya Belanda Melakukan Dekolonialisasi Papua. Retrieved from Solopos News: https://news.solopos.com/sejarah-opm-bermula-dari-upaya-belanda-melakukan-dekolonialisasi-papua-1524300
Hingorani, R. (1982). Modern International Law (Second ed.). New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.
Hobbes, T. (2002). Leviathan. New York: Simon & Schuster.
International Crisis Group. (2006). No Genocide in West Papua.
Irfanuddin, M. A., & KY., I. G. (2021). Strategi Pencegahan Internasionalisasi Konflik Papua Melalui Track One Diplomacy Dalam Upaya Stabilitas Keamanan Nasional. Jurnal Damai dan Resolusi Konflik, 7(2). Retrieved from https://jurnalprodi.idu.ac.id/index.php/DRK/article/view/1156
Indrayani, Irma., Pratitab, Chika Kirana Budi., Halim, Paisal., Indonesian Maritime Diplomacy, Through the Indian Ocean Rim Association, In Realising The Goal To Become The World Maritime Axis. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 9(1).
Jemadu, A. (2008). Politik Global : dalam Teori dan Praktik. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia. (2018, Maret). Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG). Retrieved from Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia: https://www.kemlu.go.id/id/kebijakan/kerjasama-regional/Pages/MSG.aspx
King, P. (. (2002). Morning Star Rising? Indonesia Raya and the New Papuan Nationalism. Southeast Asia Program Publications, 73.
Lyons, K. (2019). “I’ve seen terrible, terrible violence”: cocaine and meth fuel crime and chaos in Fiji. Retrieved from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/jun/24/ive-seen-terrible-terrible-violence-cocaine-a
Marco, M. G. (2003). The Search for Common Democratic Standart Through International Law. Washington: Heinrich Boll Foundation North America.
Mas’oed, M. (1994). Ilmu Hubungan Internasional: Disiplin dan Metodologi. Jakarta: LP3ES.
Mauna, B. (2005). Hukum Internasional : Pengertian, Peranan, dan Fungsi dalam Era Dinamika Global. Bandung: PT. Alumni.
Melissen, J. (2005). The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations. New York: Palgrave Mcmillan.
Meran, M. (2019). Perdamaian Dalam Prspektif Katolik dan Islam. Jurnal Jumpa, 7(2), 73 - 91.
Mill, D. V. (2002). Civil Liberty in Hobbes’s Commonwealth. Australian Journal of Political Science, 37(1).
Moleong, L. J. (2017). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.
Munandar, Y. (2017). Pentingnya Kerjasama Ekonomi Indonesia-Vanuatu. Retrieved from Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia: http://www.kemenkeu.go.id/Artikel/pentingnya-kerja-sama-ekonomi-indonesia-–-vanuatu
Murray, W., & Grimsley, M. (1996). In W. Murray, M. Knox, & A. Bernstein, The Making of Strategy: Ruler, States and War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nainggolan, P. P. (2014). Aktivitas Internasional Gerakan Separatisme Papua. Kajian Jurnal DPR RI, 19(3).
Nugraha, F. (2018). Raih Status Anggota MSG, Indonesia Siap Perkuat Kerja Sama Teknis. Retrieved http://internasional.metrotvnews.com/asia/zNP6aBWk-raih-status-anggota-msg-indonesia-siap-perkuat-kerja-sama-teknis, from Metro TV News.
Perwita, A. A., & Yani, Y. M. (2011). Pengantar Ilmu Hubungan Internasional. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.
Perwita, A. A., Arkan, M., Rossiana, Y. S., & Pertiwi, A. D. (2022). Indonesia's Defense Diplomacy Through Humanitarian Assistance to Fiji. Jurnal Dinamika Global, 7(2).
Riyanto, S. (2012). Kedaulatan Negara dalam Kerangka Hukum Internasional Kontemporer. Yustisia, 1(3).
Rosyidin, M., Dir, A. A., & Wahyudi, F. E. (2022). The Papua Conflict: The Different Perspectives of The Indonesian Government and International Communities—Review from The English School Theory. Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 24(2).
Russel, B. (1992). Dampak Ilmu Pengetahuan Atas Masyarakat. (Irwanto, & R. H. Imam, Trans.) Jakarta: Gramedia.
Smith, L. A. (2000). Indonesia's Foreign Policy under Abdurrahman Wahid: Radical Status Quo State? Contemporary Southeast Asia, 22(3).
Sorensen, R. J. (2005). Pengantar Hubungan Internasional.
Sudana, K. A. (2024). External Setting di Kawasan Pasifik Selatan sebagai Tantangan Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia Era Pemerintahan Joko Widodo (2014-2023). Journal of Government Science (GovSci) : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintah, 5(1), 1 - 12.
Tampubolon, L. K. (2015). Kerjasama Teknik Indonesia-Melanesian Spearhead Group Terhadap Keutuhan NKRI di Papua Tahun 2011-2014. JOM Fisip, 2(2).
Temaluru, T. B. (2017). Kepentingan Vanuatu dalam Usaha Pemerdekaan Papua. Surabaya: Departemen Hubungan Internasional, FISIP, Universitas Airlangga.
Viartasiwi, N. (2018). The Politics of History in West Papua – Indonesia Conflict. Asian Journal of Political Science.
Waltz, K. (2010). Theory of International Politics. Waveland Press.
Wetipo, J. H. (2016, Agustus 18). ULMWP, Meniti Jalan Keselamatan di Pasifik. Retrieved from Honai Center For Humanism and Peace: http://honaicenter.org/2016/08/ulmwp-meniti-jalan-keselamatan-di-pasifik/
Wicaksana, S. W. (2021). Analisis Strategi Desekuritisasi Indonesia di Papua Dan Papua Barat Dalam Perspektif Manajemen Pertahanan Untuk Mendukung Pertahanan Negara. Bogor: Universitas Pertahanan Republik Indonesia.
Witkopt, C. W. (2001). World Politics Trend and Transformation.
Published
2025-02-28
How to Cite
Zulham, M. (2025). INDONESIA’S DIPLOMACY MANAGEMENT IN DEFENDING PAPUA AS PART OF NKRI. Journal of Social Political Sciences, 6(1), 25-36. https://doi.org/10.52166/jsps.v6i1.242
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Articles
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Zulham
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
