ELITE DELIBERATION AS DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY: EXPERIENCE OF WALISONGO AND NAHDLATUL ULAMA IN NUSANTARA/INDONESIA

Hari  Zamharir; TB Massa  Dja’far; Sahruddin  Lubis; Siti  Sadiyatunnimah

Hari Zamharir Department of Political Science, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta, Indonesia
TB Massa Dja’far Graduate School of Political Science, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta, Indonesia
Sahruddin Lubis Department of Political Science, Universitas Nasional. Jakarta, Indonesia
Siti Sadiyatunnimah Department of Political Science, Universitas Nasional. Jakarta, Indonesia

Keywords: Deliberation, Ahlul Hal Wal Aqd, Culture-bound, Walisongo, Nahdlatul Ulama

Abstract

Culture-bound political development has recently been voiced by some political theorists. Wisdom of deliberation in Indonesia seems crucial to making democracy work. Amidst the failures or malpractices of democratic politics in Indonesia during the consecutive regimes in power, deliberative democracy is worth revitalizing. The paper makes an account of the legacy of elite deliberation from Islamic civilization that had been in practice by Walisongo in Nusantara and by a big-mass Islamic organization of NU in contemporary Indonesia in electing NU’s top leader. Theories used in the account include Deliberative Theory of Democracy, and the concept “culture-context political development”. The account employs the qualitative research, with meta-analysis in the analysis method. The finding is that transition to democratic culture among the segments of the Indonesian society has been facilitated by the practice of mechanism of Ahlul Hal Wal Aqd (AHWA) or elite deliberation by Walisongo before the independence of Indonesia, with significant contribution to instituting some form of board of trustees, controlling the king in case of misdeed and at the same time building trust in institution—trusting the king and the board of trustees—for the peoples in the respective kingdoms. Contribution also takes place by the practice of NU in electing Rais Am—whereby election of NU’s top leader has been deliberated by a few elites with high integrity and trust.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abdulbaki, Louay. (2008). “Democratization and Islamic Political Activism in Muslim Majority Countries: Egypt and Indonesia”. Graduate Thesis. The University of Melbourne
Anita, Dewi Evi. (2014). “Walisongo: Mengislamkan Tanah Jawa: (Suatu Kajian Pustaka)”. Wahana Akademika. Vol. 1 (2), October, pp. 243 –266
Adnan, Mas’ud. (2009). “Personalisasi Institusi dan Konflik Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa : Studi tentang Kepemimpinan Gusdur selama Menjadi Ketua Umum Dewan Syura”. Graduate Thesis. Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya.
Bay, Kaizal. (2011). “Pengertian Ulil Amri dalam al-Qur’an dan Implementasinya dalam Masyarakat Muslim”. Jurnal Ushuluddin. Vol. XVII. January, pp.115-129.
Chandra, Kanchan. (2004). Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Headcounts in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gunawan, Gun Gun. (2017). “Komite Hijaz” : Upaya Ulama Tradisional Nusantara dalam menegakkan kebebasan bermahzab di Kota Mekkah dan Madinah pada tahun 1926” Procedings of the 4th International Conference on Arabic Studies and Islamic Civilization, 27 – 28 March, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Habermas, Jurgen. (2015). Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hidayat, Aat. (2015). “Syuro dan Demokrasi dalam Perspektif Al-Qur’an” Journal Addin Vol.9 (2), August, pp. 401-420
Ismail, Faisal. (2011). “The NU: Its Early History and Contributions to the Establishment of Indonesian State”. Journal of Indonesian Islam. Vol 5 (2), Dec., 247-282.
Kasdi, Abdurrohman. (2017). ‘’The Role of Walisongo in Developing the Islam Nusantara Civilization’’. Journal Addin, Volume 11 (1), February, pp. 1-26
Kawamura, Koichi. (2011). “Consensus and Democracy in Indonesia: “musyawarah mufakat revisited”, Institute of Development Economies (working paper no.308), paper.ssrn.com, pp. 1-14. Website: http://ir.ide.go.jp/dspace/bitstream/2344/1091/1/ARRIDE_Discussion_No.308_kawamura.pdf
Morfit, Michael. (1981). “Pancasila: The Indonesian State Ideology According to the New Order Government”. Asian Survey, Vol. 21 (8), August, pp. 836- 853.
Šabasevičiūtė, Giedre. (2004). “Theory of the Islamic State in Hasan Al Banna’s Political Discourse”. Acta Orientalia Vilnensia. Vol 5, pp. 34-45. Website: zurnalai.vu.lt
Santoso, Lukman. (2013). “Prinsip Syuro dalam Konstitusional Islam”. as-Salam. Vol III (1) pp.43-53.
Saputra . (2014). “An interpretation of the Fourth Principle of Pancasila Led by the Wisdom of Deliberation among Representatives: ‘Toward Global Ethic’ Creative-Innovative Works for A New Paradigm of Human Sciences” (Proceeding. International Conference Thoughts on Human Sciences in Islam), Jakarta, 19-20 November, pp. 749-754.
Sulaiman, Rio. (2014). “Pemikiran Dan Kiprah Majlis Mujahidin Indonesia “. Undergraduate Thesis. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta
Sani, Mohd Azizuddin Mohd & Abu Bakar Eby Hara, (2007). Deliberative Democracy in Malaysia and Indonesia: A Comparison. http://jati.um.edu.my/iconsea2007/download/paper/azizuddin.pdf
Soekarwo. (2014). “Menggagas Politik dan Masa Depan Pembangunan Nasional Pasca Pilpres 2014”. Presidential Lecture, Graduate School of Political Science, Universitas Nasional, 17 January.
Syafrizal, A. (2015). “Sejarah Islam Nusantara”. Islamuna: Jurnal Studi Islam. Vol 2 (2), Dec. pp. 235-253. Website: ejournal.stainpamekasan.ac.id, retrieved 22 Oct 2020.
Ubaidillah, M. Hasan. (2018). “Konstruksi Sistem Ahlul Halli Wal Aqdi pada Pemilihan Rais Am NU dalam Kajian Fiqih Siyasah”. Graduate Thesis. UIN Sunan Ampel, Surabaya.
Wilpert, Gregory. (2005). “Venezuela: Participatory Democracy or Government as Usual?” dalam Venezuelan Analysis.com, June 15th 2005 www.trotsky.net/trotsky_year/permanent-theory/html ). retrieved 21 Nov. 2010
Zamharir, Hari & Sahruddin Lubis. (2015). “Political Reform in Contemporary Indonesia: Why Has ‘GotongRoyong’ Democracy of Indonesia’s State Ideology of Pancasila Failed to Be Understood and Implemented?”, Paper Proceeding, International Conference on Social Science and Humanities (ICSSH 2015), IASTEM; Kuta, Bali, Indonesia, 17 October.
Zamharir, Hari & Sahruddin Lubis. (2016). “Democratic Theory and Re-inventing Deliberative Democracy: Two Cases of Gotong Royong Democracy in Indonesia and Dharma’s Democracy in Taiwan”. Website: eprints.uny.ac.id/41845. ISSN 2528-617X, pp. 461-471.
Zamharir, Hari, Mohammad Noer, Sahruddin Lubis. (2020). “Khalifatullah Panatagama: Continuity & Change in the Practice of Political Islam in Modern Indonesia”. Journal of Social Political Science. Vol 1 (2) February, pp. 29-40. Website: e-journal.unas.ac.id