AFRICANIZING REBEL INSURGENCY IN A POST-COLONIAL STATE AND RAMIFICATIONS FOR AFRICAN REGIONAL INTEGRATION: INSIGHT(S) FROM THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC)
Keywords:
Africa, Conflict, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Regional Integration, Rebels
Abstract
This article aims to ponder the effects of political instability and, rebel insurgency, in particular, have on Africa’s regional integration frameworks by drawing insights from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The upsurge of militias has been a norm in some African countries such as the Central African Republic, Somalia and Sudan. This article utilized a qualitative method. When one adopts this type of method, s/he anticipates gathering a robust viewpoint pertaining to human behaviour and the rationale behind it. Data retrieved was drawn from secondary sources such as books, chapters in books, journal articles, credible online sources and policy briefs that monitor African conflict (especially the DRC). Similarly, the political instability that continues to take centre stage in the DRC because of many and diverse rebel groups fighting for the country’s prestigious resources has produced a web of both internal and external instability, further crippling the country’s economy, neighbouring countries and Africa’s regional integration blueprints.
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References
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Adetula, V.A.O. (2014). African Conflicts, Development and Regional Organizations in the Post-Cold War International System. The Annual Claude Ake memorial Lecture, Uppsala, Sweden.
Alexander, L., Higazi, A., Mackie, J., Nino-Perez, J., & Sherriff, A. (2003). Regional Appraches to Conflict Prevention in Africa: European Support to African Processes. https://ecdpm.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/IB-4-Regional-Approaches-Conflict-Prevention-European-Support-Africa-2003.pdf Accessed 10 January 2021.
Armed conflict location and event data project. (2021). https://acleddata.com/data-export-tool/ Accessed 15 January 2021.
Autesserre, S. (2010). The Trouble with the Congo: Local Violence and the Failure of international Peacebuilding. New York, Cambridge University Press.
Baaz, M.E., & Verweijen, J. (2013). The Volatility of a half cooked Bouillabaisse: Rebel-Military Integration and Conflict Dynamics in the Eastern DRC. African Affairs, 112(449), 563-582
Bello-Schunemann, J., & Moyer, J.D. (2018). Structural Pressures and Political Instability: Trajectories for Sub-Saharan Africa. Institute for Security Studies Report, 9, 1-32.
Bellucci, B. (2010). The State of Africa: The Perspective of the World Review, 2(3), 10-42.
Brynard, D.J., Hanekom, S.X., & Brynard, P.A. (2015). Introduction to Research 3rd Edition. Hatfield, Van Schaik Publishers.
Bystrom, K. (2016). Democracy at Home in South Africa: Family Fictions and Transitional Culture. New York, Palgrave McMillan.
Cilliers, J. (2016). The Future of Democracy in Africa. Pretoria, Institute of Security Studies
Eichstaedt, P. (2011). Consuming the Congo: War and Conflict Minerals in the world’s Deadliest Place. Chicago, Lawrence Hill Books.
Hedlund, A. (2020). Hutu Rebels: Exile Warriors in the Eastern Congo. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.
Hendricks, C. (2015). South Africa’s Approach to Conflict Management in Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo: Promoting Human Security. Strategic Review of Southern Africa, 37(1), 9-30.
Ibeanu, O. (2015). Political Instability and the Challenge of Democratization in Africa: A Conceptual Analysis. https://media.africaportal.org/documents/Political-Instability-and-the-Concept-of-Democraticization-In-Africa.pdf Accessed 23 October 2020.
Jacquemot, P. (2010). The dynamics of Instability in the Eastern DRC. Forced Migration Review, (36), 6.
Joseph, M. (2016). South African Peacebuilding in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) 1996-2016. Probing the Attitudes of Congolese Refugees in Durban. PhD Thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
Kahombo, (2018). The Peace and Security Council of the African Union: Rise or Decline of Collective Security in Africa? https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3291306 Accessed 29 November 2020.
Khadiagala, G.M. (2018). Regional cooperation on Democratization and Conflict Management in Africa. https://carnegieendowment.org/files/CP_327_Khadiagala_Africa_Brief_Final.pdf Accessed 12 November 2020.
Lalbahadur, A. (2017). Improving SADC responses to bring Peace to the DRC. Johannesburg, SAIIA Policy Brief.
Laudati, A. (2013). Beyond Minerals: Broadening Economies of Violence in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Review of African Political Economy, 40(135), 32-50.
Mateos, (2010). Beyond Greed and Grievance: Towards Comprehensive Approach to African Armed Conflict, Sierra Leon as a Case Study. In Bowd, R., & Chikwanha, A.B. Understanding Africa’s Contemporary Conflicts: Origin, Challenges and Peacebuilding. Institute for Security Monographs, 173.
Melvern, L. (2020). Intent to Deceive: Denying the Genocide of the Tutsi. New York, Verso.
Mkandawire, T. (2002). The terrible Toll of Post-Colonial Rebel Movements in Africa: Towards an Explanation of the Violence against the Peasantry. Journal of Modern African Studies, 40(2), 181-215.
Mlambo, D.N. (2017). Regional Supremacy or Coalition? Evaluating South Africa’s Regional Integration Efforts within the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Masters Dissertation, University of Zululand, South Africa.
Mlambo, D.N. (2019). A South Africa Perspective on Immigrants and Xenophobia in Post-1994 South Africa. African Renaissance, 16(4), 53-67.
Mlambo, D.N. (2020). Sub-Regional Hegemons, Integration and Governance: South Africa’s Role in Southern Africa after Democratization. PhD Thesis, University of Zululand, South Africa.
Mlambo, V.H., Mpanza, S., & Mlambo, D.N. (2019). Armed Conflict and the Increasing use of Child Soldiers in the Central African Republic (CAR), Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and South Sudan. Implications for Regional Security. Journal of Public Affairs, 19(2), e1896
Mlambo, V.H., Zubane, S.P., & Mlambo, D.N. (2019). Promoting Good Governance in Africa: The Role of Civil Society as a Watchdog. Journal of Public Affairs, 20(1), e1989
Monyae, M.M.D. (2014). Learning to Lead: South Africa’s role in Africa: Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): Case Studies (1994-2008). PhD Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.
Moolakkattu, J.S. (2010). The Role of the African Union in Continental Peace and Security Governance. Indian Quarterly, 16(2), 151-165.
Mpe, L.V., Shai, K.B., & Ogunnubi, O. (2020). Counter-Terrorism Measures in the West African Community: An Afri-Sensed Assessment. Gender and Behaviour, 18(3), 16198-16207.
Muraya, J., & Ahere, J. (2014). Perpetuation of Instability in the Democratic Republic of Congo: When the Kivuz Sneeze, Kinshasa Catches the Cold. Umhlanga, Accord.
Mutharika, B.W. (1972). Towards Multinational Economic Cooperation in Africa. New York, Praeger Publishers.
Mutunga, J.M. (2007). Economic Integration: The Impact of Conflict on Economic Development of Africa: African Journal of Public Administration and Management, 25(1), 1-21.
Mutunga, J.M. (2017). Economic Integration: The Impact of Conflict on Economic Development of Africa. Public Administration and Management, 25(1), 1-21.
Namangale, C. (2015). Dynamic of Conflict Management in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Prism, 5(2), 72-83.
Ocheni, S., & Nwankwo, B.B. (2012). Analysis of Colonialism and its Impact in Africa. Cross-Cultural Communication, 8(3), 46-54.
Owusu, F.D. (2015). Africa’s Integration Agenda and its Implication for Peace and Development on the Continent. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/61467541.pdf Accessed 12 December 2020.
Prunier, G. (2010). Africa’s World War, Congo, the Rwandan Genocide and the making of a Continental Catastrophe. New York, Oxford University Press.
Salehyan, I. (2009). Rebels without Borders: Transnational Insurgencies in World Politics. London, Cornell University Press.
Schultz, D. (2019). Reflections on the Prospects for Democracy in Africa and on the Impediments on that Happening. Development Management, 17(2), 26-36.
Soko, M. (2007). The Political Economy of Regional Integration in Southern Africa. https://institutdelors.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/etud63-regionalintegrationsouthernafrica-en.pdf 12 October 2020.
Stevens, T., Hoebeke, H., & Vlassenroot, K. (2008). In Ayangafac, C. Political Economy of Regionalisation in Central Africa. Pretoria, Institute of Security Studies.
Thomas, R.M. (2003). Blending Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods in Theses and Dissertations. California, Thousand Oaks.
Van Langenhove, L de Lombaerde, P. (2007). Review Essay: Regional Integration, Poverty and social Policy. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1468018107082240 Accessed 5 January 2020.
Varin, C. (2017). Introduction. In Varin, C., & Abubakar, D. Violent Non-State Actors in Africa: Terrorists, Rebels and Warlords. Cham, Palgrave Macmillan.
Verweijen, J. (2017). Stable instability: Political Settlements and Armed groups in the Congo. Nairobi, Rift Valley Institute.
Vlassenroot, K. (2008). Armed Groups and Militias in Eastern DR Congo. Sweden, the Nordic Africa Institute.
Westing, A.H. (1986). Global Resources and International Conflict: Environmental Factors in Strategic and Policy and Action. New York, Oxford University Press.
Woldemichael, S. (2021). The Reality of the AU’s Response to Crises: National Sovereignty and Subsidiarity limit the Africans Unions Intervention in the Continents Conflict. https://issafrica.org/iss-today/the-reality-of-the-aus-response-to-crises Accessed 15 January 2021.
Zahorik, J., & Piknerova, L., (eds). (2017). Colonialism on the Margins of Africa. London, Routledge.
Published
2021-08-31
How to Cite
Mlambo, D. (2021). AFRICANIZING REBEL INSURGENCY IN A POST-COLONIAL STATE AND RAMIFICATIONS FOR AFRICAN REGIONAL INTEGRATION: INSIGHT(S) FROM THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC). Journal of Social Political Sciences, 2(3), 205-224. https://doi.org/10.52166/jsps.v2i3.62
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2021 Daniel Mlambo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
