Journal of Social Political Sciences

MUHAMMADIYAH’S POTENTIAL ROLE AS A NON-STATE ACTOR IN ADVANCING INDONESIA’S NET ZERO EMISSION 2060 AGENDA

2026-03-29T11:33:43+07:00

Climate change has necessitated multi-stakeholder collaboration, where non-state actors play increasingly important roles. Indonesia is committed to achieving Net Zero Emission (NZE) by 2060, an ambitious target requiring participation from all stakeholders, including faith-based organizations. This research analyzes Muhammadiyah's potential as a non-state actor in supporting Indonesia's NZE 2060 agenda through the lens of green diplomacy. The study employs a qualitative approach with library research methods, analyzing policy documents, academic literature, and Muhammadiyah's official publications. This research argues that Indonesia’s Net Zero Emission 2060 agenda cannot be optimally achieved without Muhammadiyah’s involvement, as its strategic roles in social mobilization, political advocacy, education and innovation, and ethical–theological leadership directly correspond to the core indicators of effective green diplomacy. In the ASEAN regional context, Muhammadiyah potentially bridges state diplomacy with civil society, strengthening Indonesia's position in regional environmental cooperation. The study concludes that optimizing Muhammadiyah's role requires systematic synergy with the government, institutional capacity building, and more structured integration into Indonesia's green diplomacy strategy. This research recommends establishing formal partnership mechanisms between the government and Muhammadiyah, along with enhanced participation of religious organizations in national and regional green policy formulation.

ANALYSIS OF THE POLY-GCL ETHIOPIA CONTRACT DISPUTE: A CASE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS LEGAL CONFLICT RESOLUTION

2026-03-29T11:37:33+07:00

This study analyzes the contract dispute between the Ethiopian government and POLY-GCL Petroleum Group Holdings Limited from the perspective of international business law and investment arbitration. The conflict originated from POLY-GCL’s systematic failure to fulfill its obligations under the Production Sharing Agreements (PSAs) signed in 2013, including repeated financial defaults (such as unpaid annual contributions exceeding USD 1.7 million and failure to register 30% equity capital by the June 2022 deadline), operational delays in developing the Calub and Hilala gas fields in the Ogaden Basin, and inadequate social and environmental compliance that triggered health concerns in local communities. These breaches prompted multiple formal notices from Ethiopian authorities, culminating in the contract termination in September 2022 due to the company’s financial and organizational inability (Endale, 2024; Maasho, 2015). Using a qualitative descriptive-analytical approach, this research examines the root causes of the dispute, the application of core principles such as pacta sunt servanda and good faith, and the effectiveness of the multi-tiered dispute resolution mechanisms involving bilateral negotiations, ICC mediation, and ICSID arbitration. The case illustrates the tension between Ethiopia’s sovereign right to regulate its energy sector for sustainable development and the protection of foreign investors’ legitimate expectations amid evolving regulations, including the 2021 Arbitration Proclamation No. 1237/2021. Findings highlight the importance of stabilization clauses, stakeholder consultation, and thorough risk assessment in long-term energy contracts, offering valuable lessons for balancing investor protection with national developmental priorities in developing countries

TÜRKIYE FACTOR IN INDONESIA STRATEGIC AUTONOMY

2026-03-29T11:36:57+07:00

In recent years, the concept of strategic autonomy has gained significant attention as middle powers try to navigate the intensifying great-power competition in their regions. Türkiye, as one of the emerging middle powers, have significantly proved that the enhancement of strategic autonomy played a key role in navigating both regional and global tension. Against this backdrop, numerous studies have examined how Indonesia strategic partnership with Türkiye have intensified, especially in terms of defense diplomacy, however, limited attention has been paid to what the strategic rationale behind Indonesia’s preference for Türkiye and how it affect Indonesia’s overall strategic autonomy. This study contends that Indonesia’s deepening defense ties with Türkiye are not accidental but are a calculated strategy to enhance strategic autonomy. Indonesia chooses Türkiye not just for the arms transaction, but for the opportunity for capacity-building and access to diverse partners. By engaging with Türkiye a nation that has successfully developed its own indigenous defense industry Indonesia seeks to replicate this success, securing not just weapons, but the knowledge to build them, thereby insulating its national security from the volatility of Great Power politics. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, this study utilizes data from official documents, bilateral accords, policy statements, scholarly publications, and media sources.

MATERIALIZING CLIMATE FINANCING IN SOUTH AFRICA AND INDONESIA: GAPS FROM THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

2026-03-29T11:36:24+07:00

Developing countries need financial assistance from developed countries to support their efforts in climate change mitigation and adaptation through climate finance commitments and technology transfer mechanisms. The actual funding disbursements fall short of meeting developing countries' requirements despite international agreements, which include a proposed post-2025 climate finance target of USD 300 billion that will be implemented annually by 2035. The research study analyzes the trends of climate finance from the past, present, and future in South Africa and Indonesia. The research investigates how institutional capacity, governance frameworks, and financing systems affect climate finance success through its secondary data and comparative case study methods. The research results show that concessional loans make up the majority of climate finance distribution, which increases debt risks while hindering successful adaptation results. Institutional fragmentation, limited private sector participation, and weak transparency mechanisms further constrain effective utilization. The paper argues that unless climate finance frameworks prioritize grant-based funding, accountability, and alignment with national development strategies, Global South countries will continue to face systemic barriers to climate resilience and low-carbon transitions

VIETNAM’S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ORIENTATION: ACHIEVEMENTS, CHALLENGES, AND IMPLEMENTATION PRACTICES AT VINH LONG UNIVERSITY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

2026-03-29T11:35:48+07:00

This article examines the perspectives and foreign affairs tasks of the Party and State of Vietnam in the process of international integration, while consistently adhering to the principles of independence, self-reliance, peace, cooperation, and development. Vietnam’s international relations strategy prioritizes national interests and simultaneously promotes multilateralization and diversification of partnerships to maintain a stable environment for national development. This approach enables the country to flexibly adapt to global changes and strengthen its role and position in the international arena. However, several limitations remain, including the need to innovate foreign policy thinking, enhance integration capacity, and improve responses to increasingly complex non-traditional challenges. The study employs analytical and synthetic methods, drawing on documents from Party Congresses, thematic resolutions, and professional reports to systematize both theoretical and practical foundations. Based on these findings, Vinh Long University of Technology Education (VLUTE) has applied national foreign policy in expanding international cooperation in education, research, and community engagement. These efforts contribute to improving human resource quality and promoting sustainable development in the Mekong Delta region. The study demonstrates that national foreign policy can be effectively implemented at the institutional level to generate tangible local impacts

INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT POLICY ON THE REPATRIATION OF INDONESIAN CITIZENS (WNI) WHO ARE VICTIMS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN CAMBODIA FOR THE PERIOD 2023-2024

2026-03-29T11:35:14+07:00

This study discusses the Indonesian Government's Policy on the Repatriation of Indonesian Citizens (WNI) Victims of Human Trafficking in Cambodia for the period 2023-2024. The author uses Phil Williams' Transnational Organized Crime (TOC) theory as a grand theory, supported by the concepts of human rights, international cooperation theory, and non- traditional security theory. The research method used in this study is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques use literature studies sourced from various relevant literature such as books, journals, reports, and national and international media. The results of the study show that there are at least three factors that drive the Indonesian government's policy in the process of repatriating Indonesian citizens who are victims of human trafficking in Cambodia and the implications of the policy on human rights and exit strategies. These factors are bilateral and regional cooperation, technical and administrative services for the protection of victims of TPPO, and supervision of human trafficking prevention at airports and seaports. In general, it can be clearly concluded that globalization, economic weakness, and corrupt practices are factors that contribute to the prevalence of human trafficking. In addition, the novelty of this research lies in its multidimensional approach, which integrates the analysis of the asymmetrical structure of digital syndicates with rescue strategies based on restoring human dignity and securitizing the issue of human trafficking in Southeast Asia. The study concludes that the effectiveness of Exit Strategies is highly dependent on diplomatic interdependence and the strengthening of reintegration mechanisms to prevent the recurrence of victimization